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<title>Software testability</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software testability</span></span>

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<p><b>Software testability</b> is the degree to which a software artifact (e.g. a software system, module, requirement, or design document) supports <a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a> in a given test context. If the testability of an artifact is high, then finding faults in the system (if any) by means of testing is easier.

</p><p>Formally, some systems are testable, and some are not. This classification can be achieved by noticing that, to be testable, for a functionality of the system under test "S", which takes input "I", a computable <a href="Functional_predicate" title="Functional predicate">functional predicate</a> "V" must exists such that <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(S,I)}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(S,I)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./9af21228ce7d075a4979d9fdd5b94495fb44f597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.301ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(S,I)}" loading="lazy"></span> is true when S, given input I, produce a valid output, false otherwise. This function "V" is known as the verification function for the system with input I.

</p><p>Many software systems are untestable, or not immediately testable. For example, Google's <a href="ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">ReCAPTCHA</a>, without having any metadata about the images is not a testable system. Recaptcha, however, can be immediately tested if for each image shown, there is a tag stored elsewhere. Given this meta information, one can test the system.

</p><p>Therefore, testability is often thought of as an <a href="Extrinsic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic">extrinsic</a> property which results from interdependency of the software to be tested and the test goals, test methods used, and test resources (i.e., the test context). Even though testability can not be measured directly (such as software size) it should be considered an <a href="Intrinsic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic">intrinsic</a> property of a software artifact because it is highly correlated with other key software qualities such as encapsulation, coupling, cohesion, and redundancy.

</p><p>The correlation of 'testability' to good design can be observed by seeing that code that has weak cohesion, tight coupling, redundancy and lack of encapsulation is difficult to test.<sup id="cite_ref-DesignPatternsExplained2ndEd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignPatternsExplained2ndEd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A lower degree of testability results in increased <a href="Test_effort" title="Test effort">test effort</a>. In extreme cases a lack of testability may hinder testing parts of the software or <a href="Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">software requirements</a> <u>at all</u>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>Testability, a property applying to empirical hypothesis, involves two components.

The effort and effectiveness of software tests depends on numerous factors including:

</p>

<ul><li>Properties of the software requirements</li>

<li>Properties of the software itself (such as size, complexity and testability)</li>

<li>Properties of the test methods used</li>

<li>Properties of the development- and testing processes</li>

<li>Qualification and motivation of the persons involved in the test process</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testability_of_software_components">Testability of software components</h2></div>

<p>The testability of software components (modules, classes) is determined by factors such as:

</p>

<ul><li>Controllability: The degree to which it is possible to control the state of the component under test (CUT) as required for testing.</li>

<li>Observability: The degree to which it is possible to observe (intermediate and final) test results.</li>

<li>Isolateability: The degree to which the component under test (CUT) can be tested in isolation.</li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation of concerns</a>: The degree to which the component under test has a single, well defined responsibility.</li>

<li>Understandability: The degree to which the component under test is documented or self-explaining.</li>

<li>Automatability: The degree to which it is possible to automate testing of the component under test.</li>

<li>Heterogeneity: The degree to which the use of diverse technologies requires to use diverse test methods and tools in parallel.</li></ul>

<p>The testability of software components can be improved by:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">Test-driven development</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">Design for testability</a> (similar to <a href="Design_for_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for test">design for test</a> in the hardware domain)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testability_of_requirements">Testability of requirements</h2></div>

<p>Requirements need to fulfill the following criteria in order to be testable:

</p>

<ul><li>consistent</li>

<li>complete</li>

<li>unambiguous</li>

<li>quantitative (a requirement like "fast response time" can not be <a href="Verification_and_Validation_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification and Validation (software)">verification/verified</a>)</li>

<li>verification/verifiable in practice (a test is feasible not only in theory but also in practice with limited resources)</li></ul>

<p>Treating the requirement as axioms, testability can be treated via asserting existence of a function <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{S}}">

<msub>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{S}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./b869688c17fd16253b07d1d0d1abea06ddc8024c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.787ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{S}}" loading="lazy"></span> (software)

such that input <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{k}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{k}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./d658e7f6b34dd1d3025a7c9a72efba5b9f46475d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.112ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> generates output <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O_{k}}">

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</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O_{k}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./6f0af9092ae435957b453b74f05eceebc04a4798.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>, therefore <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{S}:I\to O}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{S}:I\to O}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./c7b60d6772ef10c9b3ece85c35d003fcb1fda1f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.283ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{S}:I\to O}" loading="lazy"></span>. Therefore, the ideal software generates the tuple <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (I_{k},O_{k})}">

<msub>

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</msub>

<msub>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (I_{k},O_{k})}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./0ce5b0d77db343f4e4e67bbd661d27809930452b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (I_{k},O_{k})}" loading="lazy"></span> which is the input-output set <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./9e1f558f53cda207614abdf90162266c70bc5c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>,

standing for specification.

</p><p>Now, take a test input <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{t}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{t}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./fc386d951e8ffae76357542f14e160621e6668b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.849ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span>, which generates the output <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O_{t}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O_{t}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./f7957a1b4bebf9f6aa3f35c4c90af8cd0fcd51ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.599ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span>, that is the test tuple <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =(I_{t},O_{t})}">

<msub>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =(I_{t},O_{t})}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./fdb1e800ff0d4f469cc8ff78d5574b6779b3f0d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.592ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =(I_{t},O_{t})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Now, the question is whether or not <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau \in \Sigma }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau \in \Sigma }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./6947b3decefb15e526776e45f0cb9ff884aefd2e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.721ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau \in \Sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau \not \in \Sigma }">

</mstyle>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau \not \in \Sigma }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./7bc59049ff48e9f4274dbb88d7bb7aa8008f7435.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.721ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau \not \in \Sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>. If it is in the set, the test tuple <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> passes, else the system fails the test input. Therefore, it is of imperative importance to figure out : can we or can we not create a function that effectively translates into the notion of the set <a href="Indicator_function" title="Indicator function">indicator function</a> for the specification set <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma }</annotation>

</semantics>

</p><p>By the notion, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1_{\Sigma }}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1_{\Sigma }}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./622383fdf543c96553ab338c14a5ff80e19dae71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.581ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1_{\Sigma }}" loading="lazy"></span> is the testability function for the specification <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Sigma }">

</mstyle>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Sigma }</annotation>

</semantics>

The existence should not merely be asserted, should be proven rigorously. Therefore, obviously without algebraic consistency, no such function can be found, and therefore, the specification cease to be termed as testable.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFShallowayTrott2004" class="citation book cs1">Shalloway, Alan; Trott, Jim (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780321247148/page/133"><i>Design Patterns Explained, 2nd Ed</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780321247148/page/133">133</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0321247148</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li>Robert V. Binder: Testing Object-Oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-80938-9</bdi></li>

<li>Stefan Jungmayr: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009021801/http://www.dissertation.de/index.php3?active_document=%2FFDP%2Fsj929.pdf">Improving testability of object-oriented systems</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-89825-781-9</bdi></li>

<li>Wanderlei Souza: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grace-center.jp/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GRACE-TR-2009-07.pdf">Abstract Testability Patterns</a>, ISSN 1884-0760</li>

<li>Boris Beizer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixf97h356zcC">[1]</a>, Software Testing Techniques</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Software_quality258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Maintainability#Software_engineering" title="Maintainability">Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexibility_(engineering)" title="Flexibility (engineering)">Flexibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_portability" title="Software portability">Portability</a></li>

<li><a href="Reusability" title="Reusability">Reusability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_programming#Readability_of_source_code" title="Computer programming">Readability</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li>

<li><a href="Understandability" class="mw-redirect" title="Understandability">Understandability</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthogonality_(programming)" title="Orthogonality (programming)">Orthogonality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptability" title="Adaptability">Adaptability</a></li>

<li><a href="Correctness_(computer_science)" title="Correctness (computer science)">Correctness</a></li>

<li><a href="Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">Accuracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">Robustness</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Software system safety">Safety</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement#Examples" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">List of system quality attributes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Software_quality_management" title="Software quality management">Software quality management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_control" title="Software quality control">Software quality control</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_quality" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software quality">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Software_testability&oldid=1261206841">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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